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Irving Goldman (September 2, 1911 – April 7, 2002) was an American anthropologist. He is known for his acute ability to reconstruct the worldviews and systems of thought of the indigenous peoples whose lives and thought he analysed in several major works, some now regarded as classics in the field of anthropology. ==Life== Goldman was born in Brooklyn to Louis Goldman, an immigrant Russian carpenter, and his wife Golda, who died before he was six years old. Three elder brothers had died from a plague epidemic in Russia before his parents took the step to emigrate to the United States. He intended to make a career in medicine, and graduated from Brooklyn College as a pre-med student in 1933, but quickly changed directions and went, as an 'eager but utterly unoriented student'〔Enid Schildkrout, 'A Conversation with Irving Goldman,' p.551〕 to study under Franz Boas at Columbia University. Under Boas's supervision, he completed his PhD, with a thesis on the Alkatcho Carrier Indians of British Columbia, having done research among the Modoc Indians in California in the meantime (1934).〔Mary Crauderueff, (Register to the Papers of Irving Goldman ), National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, July 2008〕 His first major publication consisted of four chapters of a book co-authored with its by then famous editor Margaret Mead, namely, ''Cooperation and Competition Among Primitive Peoples,'' (1937). When Boaz received a substantial grant from the Social Science Research Council, Goldman was the beneficiary, along with several of his colleagues, (Buell Quain, Jules Henry, William Lipkind, Bernard Mishkin, Ruth Landes, Morris Siegal, and Charles Wagley) to open up what was then a terra incognita for anthropology. Goldman himself was assigned to study Chibchan-descended Páez of the Central Andes of Colombia. However he defied his Department and on his own initiative decided to venture into the Vaupés for his fieldwork.〔Schildkrout p.560〕 The result was ten months of fieldwork in 1939-1940, from September to June,〔Donald Tayler, 'Review of The Cubeo: Indians of the Northwest Amazon. by Irving Goldman,' in Man, Vol. 65 (Sep. - Oct., 1965), p. 171.〕 in the southern region of Vaupés spent studying the Cubeo people of the Cuduiarí, which at the time was an 'anthropological terra incognita'.〔Donald Tayler, ' Review of The Cubeo: Indians of the Northwest Amazon. by Irving Goldman Source: Man, Vol. 65 (Sep. - Oct., 1965), p. 171.〕 The result was a monograph, ''The Cubeo: Indians of the Northwest Amazon,'' still regarded by specialists as 'the very best book on the Vaupés region'.〔Stephen Hugh-Jones, cited in Jody Shenn, with Judith Schwartzstein, ('Remembering Irving Goldman.' ) Sarah Lawrence College Newsletter, Wednesday, May 15, 2002〕 His work on the Cubeo, the name being a Europeanization of the Tukano jesting term ''Kebewá'' (meaning 'the people who are not')〔Donald Tayler,'Review of ''The Cubeo: Indians of the Northwest Amazon,'' by Irving Goldman, in ''Man'', Vol. 65 (Sep. - Oct., 1965), p. 171.〕 is still considered a classic in its field. Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff called his structural analysis of Cuneo society 'among the best that have been written on the social organization of Amazonian Indians in general. His acute observations combined with meticulous scholarship make this a book of lasting value.'〔Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo , 'Review of The Cubeo: Indians of the Northwest Amazon by Irving Goldman.' p.1378.〕 The expertise he gained from his stint in the field in South America led to Goldman's recruitment as an analyst of the region. He worked in Nelson Rockefeller's Bureau of Latin American Research. When World War II broke out, he was drafted and assigned to do intelligence work with Latin America as his area of analysis. Specifically, he worked as a research analyst for the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs from 1942-1943. He was reassigned, with the rank of 2nd Lieutenant, to the Office of Strategic Services until war's end. He was then transferred to the State Department, as Chief of Branch for the Office of Research Analysis, until he was released in July 1947 as a security risk.〔David H. Price, ''Threatening anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's surveillance of activist anthropologists,'' Duke University Press, 2004, p.366 note 2.〕〔Mary Crauderueff.'Register to the Papers of Irving Goldman,'〕 Ruth Benedict managed to secure him an appointment to Sarah Lawrence College, in Yonkers, New York. He was subsequently interviewed, in 1953, by the McCarthyist Jenner Committee.〔Schildkrout p.556, p.563, note 2〕 part of the Senate Judiciary Committee but, while answering all questions regarding himself, he refused to divulge the names of other members of the Communist Party of the United States, citing his rights under the First Amendment, a risky tactic at the time, in the face of threats that he would be cited for contempt. He had joined the American Communist Party in 1936, but left it in 1942.〔Mary Crauderueff, 'Register of the Papers of Irving Goldman.'〕 His individual moral position was supported by Sarah Lawrence College and he was able to continue teaching there until his retirement in 1980.〔David H. Price, ''Threatening anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's surveillance of activist,'' p.367, note 2.〕 In the postwar period, he conducted fieldwork among the Tzotzil of Chamula Indians in Chiapas, Mexico. He returned for two stints of field research among the Cuneo in 1968-1970, and 1979〔Schildkrout p.560〕 From 1980, he taught at the New School for Social Research until his full retirement in 1987. After his fundamental work on the Cubeo Goldman went on to publish monumental, if controversial, studies on two other classic areas of anthropological interest, on Polynesian societies, and on the Kwakiutl of North America. For him, the development of the discipline of anthropology best progressed, in his view, by a dialectical 'interplay between field and armchair',〔Schildkrout, p.559〕 which he proceeded to undertake by advancing general interpretations. He died in 2002 at the age of 90. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Irving Goldman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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